جريدة
مركز الفارابي
الاسم: fehr shaker
البلد: مصر
التصنيفات : خاصة,سياسة وأخبار,ثقافة وفن,أدب وكتب,ديانات,تكنولوجيا,سفر وتجوال,عام
أظهر كافة المعلومات
| ► | يونيو 2009 | ◄ | ||||
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دوافع تعلم اللغة العربية لغير الناطقين بها
يشكل المتعلم عنصرًا أساسيًا في العملية التعليمية، فهو المحور الذي تركز عليه، ومن ثمَّ فهو أولاً وأخيرًا الهدف من العملية التعليمية، فما قامت هذه العملية إلا من أجل تحقيق أهداف معينة لدى المتعلم، ولذا فإن معرفة خصائص المتعلم النفسية والعقلية تعد مطلبًا ضروريًا عند إعداد محتوى المناهج الدراسية.
ومن الواضح أن لكل مرحلة عمرية خصائصها النفسية والعقلية، بل إنَّ الأفراد يختلفون فيما بينهم من قدرات عقلية وسمات نفسية داخل المرحلة العمرية الواحدة، ومن هنا ظهر مبدأ الفروق الفردية المتصلة بنمو المتعلمين، والذي ينبغي مراعاته عند إعداد واختيار المواد التعليمية.
وإذا كان الاختلاف في القدرات ينطبق على أفراد المجتمع الواحد فإنه أحرى أن ينطبق على دارسي اللغة العربية من غير الناطقين بها؛ حيث إنهم يأتون من بيئات شتى، ومن ثقافات متنوعة، وجنسيات مختلفة الأمر الذي يؤدي إلى اختلافهم في القدرات العقلية واستعدادهم لتعلم اللغة العربية، وبالطبع فإنهم يختلفون في دوافعهم، وفي درجة اهتمامه وسرعة تعلمهم للغة العربية.
ويؤكد علماء اللغة والتربية والنفس على وجود علاقة وثيقة بين أنماط نمو الفرد وبين قدرته على تعلم اللغة الأجنبية، كما أن هناك فرقًا محسوبًا بين تعلم الصغير والكبير للغة الأجنبية، هذا الفرق ينبغي أن يراعى في المواد المقدمة لكل منهما
وإذا كانت معرفة الخصائص النفسية لدارسي اللغة العربية من غير الناطقين بها تعد أساسًا من أسس إعداد كتبهم واختيارها، فإن المقام لا يسمح هنا باستعراض خصائص النمو لكل مرحلة، فلقد ذكر ذلك بإطناب في كتب علم النفس، ولكن الذي يعنينا هنا هو أن نعرف الدوافع التي تدفع المتعلمين لدراسة اللغة العربية لغير الناطقين بها.
تعرف الدافعية بأنها بمثابة حالة داخلية تستهل الكائن الحي وتوجه سلوكه، ومن ثمَّ فالدافع هو شعور داخلي يحدث لدى الفرد، ولا يمكن ملاحظته بصورة مباشرة، ولكن يمكن أن يستدل عليه من السلوك الظاهري.
1
ويقول فرانك مدلي: إن معرفة الحاجات والعوامل التي تدفع المتعلم لتعلم اللغة يمكن أن تحدد لنا أغراض تعليم اللغة كما تحدد لنا وسائل تحقيقها.
لذا يفرق الباحثون بين نوعين من الدوافع التي تستحث الدارسين على تعلم اللغة الثانية. هذان النوعان هما:
1- الدوافع الوسيلية.
2- الدوافع التكاملية.
إن الدارس الذي تحركه دوافع وسيلية لتعلم لغة ثانية معينة لا يتعلم هذه اللغة إلا لتحقيق هدف معين قصيرالمدى كأن يكون سعيًا وراء وظيفة أو رغبة في قضاء وقت يستمتع فيه بالسياحة أو استجابة لمتطلبات مقرر دراسي معين، أو استعدادًا للحصول على درجة علمية، أو حرصًا على امتلاك مهارة القراءة ليتصل بكتابات معينة، أو استجابة لشعائر دينية يلزمه أداؤها بهذه اللغة. المهم في ذلك أن الدارس الذي توجهه مثل هذه الدوافع إنما يقتصر الأمر عنده على اكتساب القدر الذي يلزمه من هذه اللغة، وبالشكل الذي يحقق له هدفه ويشبع عنده حاجته، ويستوفي معه وسيلته.
مدارس الاستشراق المدرسة الروسية
كان الاستشراق قوياً في روسيا منذ عهد بعيد حيث تعود الصلات بين روسيا والعالم الإسلامي إلى زمن الدولة العباسية، حيث تبادلت الدولة الإسلامية السفارات مع روسيا، ولمّا ضمت روسيا إليها بعض المناطق الإسلامية ازداد الاهتمام بالإسلام والعالم الإسلامي، وقد أفادت روسيا من الدراسات العربية والإسلامية في أوروبا وبخاصة في فرنسا حيث أوفدت روسيا بعض الباحثين للدراسة في مدرسة اللغات الشرقية الحية في باريس.
وقد قوي الاهتمام بالاستشراق في روسيا في بداية القرن التاسع عشر حينما أنشأت بعض الجامعات الروسية كراس للغة العربية والإسلام ومن هذه الجامعات جامعة قازان وجامعة موسكو وجامعة بطرسبرج وكلية لازاريف وغيرها.
بعض أعلام الاستشراق الروسي
1- ف.ف. بارتولد V.V. Bartholdء (1869م-1930م)
درس التاريخ الإسلامي في جامعة بطرسبرج وعمل فيها أستاذاً لتاريخ الشرق الإسلامي، اهتم بمصادر التاريخ الإسلامي العربية، كما اهتم بدراسة ابن خلدون ونظريته في الحكم.
انتخب عضواً في مجمع العلوم الروسي ورئيساً للجنة المستشرقين، له كتابات كثيرة في مجال التاريخ الإسلامي وقد كتب عن عمر بن الخطاب t.
2- إجناطيوس كراتشكوفسكي Ignaij Julianovic Krackovskij ء [1]
ولد في 16 مارس 1883م، أمضى طفولته في طشقند حيث تعلم اللغة الأوزبكية، درس اللغات الكلاسيكية اليونانية واللاتينية، بدأ بتعلم اللغة العربية بنفسه. وفي عام 1901م التحق بكلية اللغات الشرقية في جامعة سان بترسبرج، ودرس عدداً من اللغات منها العبرية والحبشية والتركية والفارسية، درس التاريخ الإسلامي على يد المستشرق بارتولد، زار العديد من الدو
Teaching Arabic for Islamic Purposes
By: Dr. Mamdouh N. Mohamed
Adjunct Professor, George Mason University
Abstract
* * *
Languages invariably are learned/taught to be used primarily as means of communication. Notwithstanding, within the communication objective, languages are sometimes geared toward specific purposes or a particular field of knowledge, e.g., medicine, economics, media, religion, etc. Arabic is not an exception. Since the emergence of Islam Arabic has become it’s concomitant and message conveyer. Given the fact that the Holy Qura’n is written in Arabic, a minimum knowledge of that language has become a must for those who belief in Islam. Without this knowledge believers will not be able to perform their daily prayers and acts of worship. And since Islam is a universal religion that continues to attract non-Arabic speaking communities and individuals, the need for learning/teaching Arabic for religious purposes came into existence since the first decades of Islam.
Our Islamic schools and educational institutions stood for the challenge and tried to respond to the immense need of the non-native speakers Arabic for learning the language of their creed. As a quick fix, some have been using books and curricula designed for native speakers of Arabic. And Undoubtedly, teaching a language for its native audience differs from teaching it to non-native audience. And teaching a language for communication only is different from teaching it for specific purposes. Adopting such curricula and using its materials resulted in a lot of problems. The least, it confused teachers and students as well. Islamic educationalists have been working hard to professionally meet the need. They are following a systematic approach of stating clear and achievable goals, building suitable content, and applying new technology to present these learning experiences and evaluate them.
This paper/presentation suggests a model of designing instructional systems that responds to the need of non-Arabic speaking Islamic communities and provide the knowledge needed in both linguistic and cultural aspects.
* * * * * * * *
Teaching Arabic for Islamic Purposes
Introduction
It is almost impossible to find a group of people speaking one language on the same level of proficiency. There is always a wide range of differences amongst them. Some people are extremely eloquent whereas others might be mere illiterates. Between these two categories there is a large spectrum of many levels. Some people are good writers who can express themselves on paper much better than they do orally. Some are fluent speakers and can barely express themselves in writing. These examples are clearly manifested world wide regardless of language, race, and/or sex.
Surprisingly enough, average people can hardly understand the language used by doctors who share them the same language and culture. The same thing applies to other experts such as engineers, psychologists, lawyers, economists, pharmacists, etc. Eventually this specialized language is difficult for the average person. This simple fact can be understood in the light of there are various facets of any language. Beside the written form of the language, there is the spoken language, and terms for each field of knowledge.
Teaching languages for specific purposes
According to ACTFL[1], learning a foreign language requires between 1200 hours to 1800 hours. Apparently, these figures require a great effort and resources. Learning a language is not an easy task as it might look. Not every body is motivated enough, or can spare the time or the money for that goal. Consequently, the idea of learning a language for specific purpose sprang up. Why should not the focus be only on specific areas in language learning? The idea appealed to both teachers and learners. Enormous numbers of people began to adopt this idea.
This is how the concept of learning languages for specific purposes originated and developed. In fact, it helped to solve substantial problems. It helped students of medicine to narrow their scope of learning the language to medical terms and idioms. Similarly, military personnel focused more on military terms and expressions. Learning languages for business purposes was also an area of interest for a huge number of people. Therefore, many specialized schools were established to teach languages for very specific purposes.
The Need for Teaching Arabic
Arabic is no exception. It is a language that is closely related to Islam. There is a huge market for it. Almost 1.3 billions are a potential audience who are interested in it for religious reasons. No Muslims can perform his daily prayers without having some knowledge in Arabic. It is the language of the Qur’an, the Holy Book for that huge audience. Obviously, there is a huge demand for that language.
This is the real motive for writing this article; to help Islamic schools enhance their Arabic curriculum by integrating Islamic subjects into it. The main concern for every Muslim can be addressed by directing their attention to this goal. Many schools and programs began to adopt this idea instead of the spoken language. Using the limited time assigned for learning Arabic now should be geared to learning Islamic Culture. One important factor that made this idea appealing to many schools is the sad fact that there are tens of Arabic dialects instead of one regional language that can be spoken and understood in all Arabic-speaking countries. So, why then should not the focus be on Arabic for Islamic purposes?
The Problem!
In private schools there is always a lot of pressure placed on the shoulder of teachers. In addition to the teaching load, they are asked to carry out other tasks such as curriculum development, section of books, and preparation of instructional media. Unlike public schools, which tremendously benefit from the huge resources of their counties and Department of Education. Private schools are independent. They do not get these benefits.
Islamic schools fall into this category of private schools. Therefore, there is a serious problem of selecting the instructional materials specifically in teaching Arabic as a foreign language. Most schools select instructional materials used in Arab countries, which are not designed for non-Arabic speaking students. Other schools try developing their own materials.
In addition to the selection of books, there are other problems as well. Students’ parents come from different backgrounds. They have various expectations from learning Arabic. Some of them want their kids to learn so as to be able to read the Qur’an even if they do not understand it. Other parents come from Arab countries and want their kids to be able to speak Arabic. Ironically, the parents themselves do not communicate with their kids at home in Arabic.
Thus, one can see that the goals of teaching Arabic at Islamic schools are not specific. This causes a state of confusion. Neither the parents nor the parents are pleased with what is currently offered. Additionally, students themselves develop negative attitudes towards Arabic, the language of the Qur’an. Here comes the question: WHAT IS THE SOLUSION? In the coming few paragraphs I am going to propose a suggestion that might not be easy for school administrations to adopt.
Any school needs to formulate specific goal for teaching Arabic as a foreign language (AFL). I suggest that this goal should be to help students understand Islamic texts in general and the Qur’an in particular. In other words, the suggestion is teaching Arabic for Islamic purposes. This suggestion might be the answer for the majority of schools if not all of them.
In fact, there are many other issues that need to be fixed as well. Unfortunately, these issues do not fall within the scope of this paper. This paper focuses only on teaching Arabic for Islamic purposes.
How it works
In this approach, all unnecessary expressions, words, and idioms are replaced by words relevant to Islamic culture. Words such as refrigerator, mailman, and basketball can be replaced by words as messenger, paradise, and straight path.
Arabic names that are not mentioned in the Qur’an can be replaced by the most commonly names such as Muhammad, Adam, Ibrahim, and Musa. Similarly, the names of animals such as alligator, squirrel, and leopard can be replaced by other animals, which are mentioned in the Qur’an e.g. dog, elephant, and cow. This will strengthen the relationship between learners and Islam from the very beginning. However, these words should be presented within these guidelines:
q Words should be presented in contexts not in isolation.
q Words should be presented in meaningful contexts.
q Contexts should be at the cognitive level of students.
q New words should not exceed 1-2 words per line.
q Words should be reinforced in various contexts.
q Words should be learnt as a whole not as parts.
Similarly, words and expressions that are commonly used in Islamic cultures should be presented instead of words used in specific Arabic cultures. The beautiful names and Attributes of Allah should be presented as early and as gradually as possible. The easy names should come before the difficult ones.
Teaching Arabic for Islamic purposes is much more than just teaching a language. It comprises teaching various Islamic texts via Arabic. The goal here is that the language becomes a vehicle to help learners understand these subject matters (Islamic content-areas).
Teaching Reading via Made-up Islamic texts
Beginners can learn to read from the first day. They can learn even before learning the alphabet. The holistic approach can be used to enhance leaning at this level. In this approach, words and phrases can be taught before teaching isolated letters and sounds. Meaning should be provided by any means. Translation is not a taboo. Whenever needed, it should be wisely provided (without excessive use).
اللهُ رَبي
اللهُ رَبُ محمد
اللهُ ربي وربُ محمد
اللهُ رب محمد ورب موسى
الله رب موسى وعيسى
اللهُ رب محمد ورب موسى ورب عيسى
اللهُ رب العالمين
اللهُ ربي ورب العالمين
ُ
Although young kids (7-8 years) can read these texts, they are not designed for them. The cognitive level of students should betaken in consideration whenever a text is designed. Notice that learning vocabulary should be accumulative. New contexts should be based on previous l
CONFERENCE PROGRAMME
International science conference
“Dialogue of civilizations:
Philosophic, historic and cultural aspects”.
24-29.11.2007
Organizers: Academy of science of
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International science conference
“Dialogue of civilizations:
Philosophic, historic and cultural aspects”
Academy of sciences of Tatarstan republic
Tatarstans branch
Of the Russian philosophical society
Dear colleagues,
We invite you to take part in the international scientific conference "Dialogue of civilizations: philosophical, historical and culture aspects" which takes place in
Exchange of the experience of the vision cultural, philosophical, religious riches of the West and the East with the purpose of development a dialogue between civilizations in conditions in a globalizes world.
Academy of science of
Tatarstan department of Philosophic society of
(
University 6 October
(
University “South valley”
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(
Arabic Slavic center for information and strategic researches
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Al
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The conference is organized at support of:
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الأبجدية The Alphabet
Alif, ﺍ, at the beginning of a word represents a short vowel sound (a, i, or u), a long i, or an ay sound.
ﺍرض
ﺍبرة
ﺍب
ﺍ
Alif madda, آ, is used when a sustained ‘a’ sound occurs at the beginning of a word.
آسف
آب
The next character has two forms. The joined form, بـ, is used when the character is followed by another character. The full form,ب, is used when that character appears by itself or at the end of a word. Remember that Arabic is read from right to left. Arabic characters should be written form right to left as well.
درب
مبنى
بيت
بـ ب
Most Arabic characters both joined and full forms. Here are some more characters with both forms.
تحيات
متظاهر
تاج
تـ ت
ثلث
آثار
ثقيل
ثـ ث
Alif in the middle of a word represents a more sustained ‘a’ sound. Short vowels aren’t represented by a letter when they appear inside a word. Alif is one of the few letters that joins with letters that precede it. It never joins with a letter that follows it.
باب
Some of the following characters have both full and joined forms. Others just have one form. The first letter, ج, is pronounced as a j everywhere except in
درج
مجلّة
جديد
جـ ج
فرح
محيط
حيوان
حـ ح
خوخ
مخفر
خير
خـ خ
مجد
مدرسة
دكان
د
لذيذ
حذاء
ذرّة
ذ
دير
هرّة
ربيع
ر
رمز
رز
زعتر
ز
رئيس
رسّام
سلام
سـ س
ريش
عشاء
شمس
شـ ش
قفص
رصاص
صعب
صـ ص
فرض
فيضان
ضفدع
ضـ ض
بط
بطاطا
طاولة
ط
حظ
نظيف
ظريف
ظ
ع and غ have four forms. One form is used when the letter starts a word, one when joined with both the preceding and following character, another when at the end of a word and joined to the preceding character, and finally a form used when it isn’t joined with another character.
شارع
ملعقة
عين
عـ ـعـ ـع ع
بليغ
أغنية
غالي
غـ ـغـ ـغ غ
خفيف
عصفور
فارس
فـ ف
شرق
فقر
قمر
قـ ق
كعك
سمكة
كرسي
كـ ك
جبل
علبة
لعبة
لـ ل
When lam, ل, and alif join, the two twist together, forming a special character- لأ.
الأبجدية
ألم
كلمة
مكتب
مـ م
حصان
سنة
نمر
نـ ن
ه, like ع and غ, has four forms.
إله
مهد
هواء
ه هـ ـهـ ـه
In middle of a word, wow can represent the long vowel u or the vowel combination ou, ow, or w and at the end of a word, the long vowel u and sometimes ow.
دلو
طويل
وكيل
و
The joined form of ya,يـ, ي is another example of a tooth. Ya is pronounced as the consonant y at the beginning of a sentence, long i, in the middle, and long i at the end.
زي
نيسان
ينبوع
يـ ي











